第 9 章 · 复习总表与附录

9.1 一页看完英语语法

┌─ 词类(10) ──── 名 代 动 形 副 数 | 冠/限定 介 连 叹
│      ↓
├─ 短语(5) ───── NP VP AdjP AdvP PP（中心词决定类型）
│      ↓
├─ 成分(7) ───── 主 谓 宾 表 宾补 状 | 定语·同位语（附着于名词）
│      ↓
├─ 简单句 ────── 五句型 SV SVC SVO SVOO SVOC
│                四功能 陈述 疑问 祈使 感叹 + 否定 there be 强调 倒装
│      ↓
├─ 复合句 ────── 并列句 (and but or so)
│                复杂句 = 主句 + 从句：名词性(替名词) 定语(修饰名词) 状语(修饰动词)
│
├─ 动词系统 ──── 时态 3×4=12 | 语态 be+done | 情态 can/may/must… | 语气 陈述/祈使/虚拟
│
├─ 非谓语 ────── to do(未·目的) doing(主动·进行) done(被动·完成)  → 从句的压缩版
│
├─ 特殊结构 ──── 条件句 间接引语 比较 主谓一致 强调 倒装
│
└─ 如何表达 ──── 按功能反查：时间 疑问 否定 命令 情态 假设 比较 逻辑 修饰 存在 强调 转述（第 8 章）

9.2 各章速查表汇总

句子成分与句型

句型	骨架	谓语动词	例
SV	主 + 谓	不及物	Birds fly.（鸟会飞。）
SVC	主 + 系 + 表	be / seem / look / become	She is happy.（她很高兴。）
SVO	主 + 谓 + 宾	及物	I love music.（我喜爱音乐。）
SVOO	主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾	give / tell / buy	He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书。）
SVOC	主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补	make / call / find / want	We made him captain.（我们选他当队长。）

时态

	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	do/does	am/is/are doing	have/has done	have/has been doing
过去	did	was/were doing	had done	had been doing
将来	will do	will be doing	will have done	will have been doing

情态动词

维度	序列
推测把握 ↑	might/could → may → should → will → must（否定推测 can’t）
义务强弱 ↓	must/have to → should/ought to → can/may（许可）→ needn’t/don’t have to
谈过去	情态 + have done：must have（一定）/ can’t have（不可能）/ should have（本应）/ needn’t have（本不必）/ could have（本可以）

虚拟语气

与…相反	if 从句	主句
现在	过去式（were）	would + 原形
过去	had done	would have done
将来（可能性小）	过去式 / should do / were to do	would + 原形（should 型主句也常用 will / 祈使句）
建议命令	suggest / demand / insist / It is necessary that + (should) 原形

非谓语

	to do	doing	done
意义	未发生 · 目的	主动 · 进行	被动 · 完成
作主/宾	✓	✓	—
作定语	the first … to do	主动 doing	被动 done
作状语	目的 · 结果	主动	被动
作宾补	want sb to do / let sb do	see sb doing	have sth done

从句

类型	替代	引导词	关键
名词性	名词	that / whether·if / wh-	陈述语序；that 无义；介词后 whether
定语	形容词	who whom whose which that / when where why	关系词在从句中作成分；非限制不用 that
状语	副词	when because if although so that …	时间条件从句用现在表将来

倒装

类型	触发	例
完全	here/there/方位/表语开头（代词主语除外）	Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）
部分	否定词 / only + 状语 / so·neither / not only / hardly…when / 省 if	Never have I seen it.（我从未见过它。）

9.3 中国学习者 40 个高频错误

#	错	对	章节
1	He very likes it.	He likes it very much.（他非常喜欢它。）	1, 3
2	Although…, but…	只用一个	3, 6
3	Because…, so…	只用一个	3, 6
4	I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.（我昨天见到了他。）	4
5	When I will come…	When I come…	4
6	He has died for two years.	He has been dead for two years.（他去世两年了。）	4
7	The accident was happened.	The accident happened.（事故发生了。）	4
8	I am knowing / I am liking.	I know / I like.（我知道 / 我喜欢。）	4
9	You mustn’t come.（想说不必）	You don’t have to come.（你不必来。）	4
10	He mustn’t be at home.（推测）	He can’t be at home.（他不可能在家。）	4
11	I suggested that he went.	…that he (should) go.	4
12	I enjoy to swim.	I enjoy swimming.（我喜欢游泳。）	5
13	look forward to see you	look forward to seeing you	5
14	be used to get up	be used to getting up	5
15	Let him to go.	Let him go.（让他走。）	5
16	He was made wait.	He was made to wait.（他被迫等候。）	5
17	I’m very interesting in it.	I’m very interested in it.（我对它很感兴趣。）	5
18	Walking down the street, the trees…	Walking down the street, I saw the trees…	5
19	I don’t know where does he live.	…where he lives.	6
20	The reason is because…	The reason is that…	6
21	It depends on if…	It depends on whether…	6
22	the house which I lived	the house where I lived / which I lived in	6
23	Tom, that is my friend, …	Tom, who is my friend, …	6
24	with that I write	with which I write	6
25	If it will rain…	If it rains…	6, 7
26	If I would have known…	If I had known…	7
27	He said me that…	He told me that…	7
28	…colder than Shanghai（气候比城市）	…than that of Shanghai	7
29	taller than anyone in his class	than anyone else / any other student	7
30	Ten years are a long time.	Ten years is a long time.（十年是一段很长的时间。）	7
31	The number of students are…	…is…	7
32	It was yesterday when I met him.（强调）	It was yesterday that I met him.（我是昨天遇到他的。）	7
33	Here comes it.	Here it comes.（它来了。）	7
34	Not only he came…	Not only did he come…	7
35	an advice / informations	a piece of advice / information	3
36	more taller / most easiest	taller / easiest	3
37	two hundreds people	two hundred people	3
38	This is my a friend.	This is a friend of mine.（这是我的一位朋友。）	3
39	turn on it	turn it on	3
40	Please explain me this.	Please explain this to me.（请给我解释一下这个。）	1

9.4 常用不规则动词表

按变化模式分组，便于记忆。（A = 原形，B = 过去式，C = 过去分词）

AAA 型（三者相同）

cut–cut–cut, put–put–put, let–let–let, set–set–set, shut–shut–shut, hit–hit–hit, hurt–hurt–hurt, cost–cost–cost, read–read–read（发音变）, spread–spread–spread, quit–quit–quit, split–split–split, bet–bet–bet, burst–burst–burst

🔑 记忆：AAA 型全部以 -t / -d 结尾——见到短促 t / d 尾先想 AAA。

ABB 型（过去式 = 过去分词）

组	动词
-ought / -aught	buy–bought, bring–brought, think–thought, fight–fought, seek–sought; catch–caught, teach–taught
-t	build–built, send–sent, spend–spent, lend–lent, bend–bent, lose–lost, leave–left, feel–felt, keep–kept, sleep–slept, sweep–swept, weep–wept, meet–met, deal–dealt, mean–meant, dream–dreamt/dreamed, learn–learnt/learned, burn–burnt/burned, smell–smelt/smelled, spell–spelt/spelled
-d	say–said, pay–paid, lay–laid, hear–heard, sell–sold, tell–told, hold–held, make–made, have–had, find–found, stand–stood, understand–understood, lead–led, feed–fed, flee–fled
元音变 u / o（hang, stick, strike, dig, swing, spin, win, shine）	hang–hung（悬挂；hang–hanged 绞死）, stick–stuck, strike–struck, dig–dug, swing–swung, spin–spun, win–won, shine–shone
其他	sit–sat, shoot–shot, light–lit/lighted, slide–slid

ABC 型（三者各异）

组	动词
i–a–u	begin–began–begun, drink–drank–drunk, sing–sang–sung, ring–rang–rung, swim–swam–swum, sink–sank–sunk, shrink–shrank–shrunk
-ew / -own(-awn)	know–knew–known, grow–grew–grown, throw–threw–thrown, blow–blew–blown, fly–flew–flown, draw–drew–drawn
i–o–i + en（write / ride / rise / drive / arise）	write–wrote–written, ride–rode–ridden, rise–rose–risen, drive–drove–driven, arise–arose–arisen
-oke / -oken	speak–spoke–spoken, break–broke–broken, wake–woke–woken, steal–stole–stolen, freeze–froze–frozen, choose–chose–chosen
-ore / -orn	wear–wore–worn, tear–tore–torn, bear–bore–born(e), swear–swore–sworn
-ook / -aken	take–took–taken, shake–shook–shaken, mistake–mistook–mistaken
-en	eat–ate–eaten, fall–fell–fallen, give–gave–given, forgive–forgave–forgiven, see–saw–seen, bite–bit–bitten, hide–hid–hidden, forget–forgot–forgotten, get–got–got（英）/ gotten（美）
其他	be–was/were–been, do–did–done, go–went–gone, lie–lay–lain（躺；lie–lied–lied 说谎；放置 lay–laid–laid 见 ABB）, show–showed–shown, forbid–forbade–forbidden, prove–proved–proven/proved

ABA 型（原形 = 过去分词）

come–came–come, become–became–become, run–ran–run, overcome–overcame–overcome

🔑 记忆：ABA 型只有 come / run 两家（及其派生 become, overcome）：原形回归。

9.5 动词后接形式速查

只接 to do（want, hope, wish, expect, decide, plan, agree, refuse, promise, offer, learn, manage, fail, afford, pretend, seem, appear, happen, tend, choose, ask, demand, prepare, threaten, hesitate）

只接 doing（enjoy, mind, finish, avoid, suggest, consider, admit, deny, delay, postpone, practise, risk, escape, imagine, miss, keep (on), can’t help, can’t stand, give up, put off, feel like, be worth, be busy, look forward to, be used to, get used to, object to, devote…to, pay attention to, insist on, succeed in, be good at, be fond of）

意义不同（stop, remember, forget, regret, try, mean, go on, need, want, require）

9.6 词性变化速查（常见后缀）

变成	后缀	例
名词（人）	-er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ee, -ant	teacher, actor, artist, musician, employee, assistant
名词（抽象）	-tion/-sion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance/-ence, -ship, -hood, -dom, -th, -al	education, development, kindness, ability, importance, friendship, childhood, freedom, growth, arrival
形容词	-ful, -less, -ous, -al, -ive, -able/-ible, -y, -ly, -ic, -ish, -ent/-ant, -ary	careful, careless, dangerous, natural, active, comfortable, sunny, friendly, basic, foolish, different, ordinary
副词	-ly	quickly, happily（y→i）, truly, gently
动词	-en, -ize/-ise, -fy, -ate, en-/em-	widen, realize, simplify, activate, enlarge, empower
否定	un-, in-/im-/il-/ir-, dis-, non-, -less	unhappy, impossible, illegal, irregular, dislike, non-stop, hopeless

9.7 参考资料

按可靠性与本资料的引用程度排序：

1. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman. —— 句型（七种基本句型）、成分、从句分类的主要依据。
2. Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. —— 时态 / 体的分析、gerund-participle、irrealis were 与 mandative 结构分析的依据。
3. Swan, M. (2016). Practical English Usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. —— 用法辨析（must/have to、stop to/doing、say/tell 等）的主要依据。
4. Cambridge Dictionary — Grammar (dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/) —— 形容词排序、冠词用法、情态动词的核对来源。
5. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) (owl.purdue.edu) —— 主谓一致、悬垂分词、平行结构的核对来源。
6. 章振邦 (2017).《新编英语语法教程》（第 6 版）. 上海外语教育出版社. —— 中文术语的对照依据。

未采用：论坛、问答网站、自媒体文章、无署名的网络语法总结。

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文档结束。配套文件：mindmap/English-Grammar-Mindmap.html（可交互思维导图）、mindmap/English-Grammar-Mindmap.md（导图源文件，可导入 XMind / Obsidian）。