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第 8 章 · 如何表达:从"想说什么"到"用什么结构"

前 7 章按结构组织(这是什么);本章按功能组织(我想表达 X,有哪几种说法、差别在哪)。每个功能一张表,只列手段、例句、一句话区别和跳转章节,不重复讲解。复习时从这里反查最快。

本章体例参考 Leech & Svartvik《A Communicative Grammar of English》的“意义 → 形式”编排,内容依据同前。

手段 例句 含义侧重 章节
一般现在时 I live in Beijing.(我住在北京。) 长期状态、习惯、事实 4.2
现在进行时 I am living in Beijing (this year).(我今年住在北京。) 临时、正在进行 4.2
现在完成时 I have lived here for 10 years.(我在这住了 10 年了。) 从过去延续到现在 4.2
现在完成进行时 I have been waiting for an hour.(我已经等了一小时了。) 强调动作持续、可能仍在进行 4.2
手段 例句 含义侧重 章节
一般过去时 I met her in 2010.(我 2010 年遇见她。) 过去某时的事,与现在无关 4.2
过去进行时 I was reading when he came.(他来时我正在看书。) 过去某刻正在进行、作背景 4.2
现在完成时 I have met her.(我见过她。) 过去的事,重点在现在的结果/经历 4.2
过去完成时 I had met her before that.(在那之前我已见过她。) 过去的过去 4.2
used to / would I used to smoke.(我过去抽烟。)We would swim every day.(我们过去每天游泳。) 过去习惯;used to 隐含“现在不了” 4.2
手段 例句 含义侧重 章节
will + 原形 It will rain.(会下雨。)I’ll help you.(我来帮你。) 预测;临时决定;承诺 4.2
be going to I’m going to study abroad.(我打算出国留学。)It’s going to rain.(要下雨了。) 已有打算;有迹象 4.2
现在进行时 I’m meeting Tom at 6.(我 6 点和汤姆见面。) 已安排好的计划 4.2
一般现在时 The train leaves at 9.(火车 9 点开。) 时刻表、日程 4.2
be about to / be to The show is about to start.(演出即将开始。)You are to report at 9.(你须于 9 点报到。) 即将;正式安排/命令 4.2
将来进行 / 将来完成 I’ll be flying at 8.(8 点我将在飞行中。)I’ll have finished by June.(到六月我将完成。) 将来某刻正在 / 到将来某点已完成 4.2
时间、条件从句中 When he comes, I’ll call.(他来了我就打电话。) 用一般现在代将来 4.3
想说 手段 例句 章节
一…就 as soon as / the moment / hardly…when / no sooner…than / on doing As soon as I arrived, it started to rain.(我一到就开始下雨了。)On arriving, I called her.(一到我就给她打电话。) 6.5, 7.6
直到 until / not…until Wait until I come back.(等到我回来。)He didn’t leave until she came.(直到她来他才走。) 6.5, 7.5
自从 since + 时点(主句完成时) I’ve been here since 2010.(我 2010 年起就在这。) 4.2
持续多久 for + 时段 / 完成时 I’ve worked here for 5 years.(我在这工作 5 年了。) 4.2
在…之前/之后 before / after / 过去完成时 / having done Having finished, he left.(做完后他就走了。) 6.5, 5.3
同时 while / as / 分词伴随 She sat there, reading.(她坐在那儿看书。) 6.5, 5.3
想问 手段 例句 章节
是不是 一般疑问句 Are you ready?(你准备好了吗?) 2.3
什么/谁/哪里/为何/如何 特殊疑问句 Where do you live?(你住哪儿?) 2.3
多少/多久/多远 how many / much / long / far / often How long have you been here?(你来这多久了?) 2.3
A 还是 B 选择疑问句 Tea or coffee?(茶还是咖啡?) 2.3
求证、征求同意 反意疑问句 You’re coming, aren’t you?(你会来的,对吧?) 2.3
委婉地问 间接疑问 / 情态动词 Could you tell me where the bank is?(能告诉我银行在哪吗?)Do you know if he’s in?(你知道他在不在吗?) 2.3
转述别人的问题 asked if / wh- + 陈述语序 He asked where I lived.(他问我住哪儿。) 7.2
否定疑问(惊讶、期待肯定) Isn’t / Don’t …? Isn’t it beautiful?(难道不美吗?) 2.3
反问(不求回答) 疑问形式表陈述 Who cares?(谁在乎呢?)Isn’t that obvious?(这不是显而易见吗?) 2.3
想说 手段 例句 章节
不 not(加在操作词后) She doesn’t like it.(她不喜欢。) 2.2
从不 / 没有人 / 没有东西 / 无处 never / nobody / nothing / nowhere / no + 名词 Nobody came.(没人来。)I have no money.(我没钱。) 2.2
几乎不 hardly / seldom / rarely / few / little He hardly ever smokes.(他几乎不抽烟。) 2.2
并非都(部分否定) not all / not every / not both Not all birds fly.(并非所有鸟都会飞。) 2.2
都不(全部否定) none / neither / no one None of them came.(他们一个都没来。) 2.2
我认为…不 否定转移 I don’t think he’s right.(我认为他不对。) 2.2
不可能 can’t He can’t be at home.(他不可能在家。) 4.5
禁止 / 不必 mustn’t / needn’t, don’t have to You mustn’t smoke.(不准吸烟。)You needn’t come.(你不必来。) 4.5
也不 neither / nor + 倒装;not…either Neither do I.(我也不。)I don’t like it either.(我也不喜欢。) 7.6
否定的强调 at all / not…in the least / by no means + 倒装 I don’t like it at all.(我一点也不喜欢。)By no means is he a fool.(他绝不是傻子。) 7.5–7.6
否定词前置 部分倒装 Never have I seen it.(我从未见过。) 7.6
非谓语的否定 not to do / not doing He told me not to go.(他叫我别去。) 5.2, 5.3

8.4 表达命令、请求、建议、意愿

Section titled “8.4 表达命令、请求、建议、意愿”
想说 手段(由强到弱 / 由直接到委婉) 例句 章节
命令 祈使句;must;be to Sit down.(坐下。)You must finish today.(你必须今天完成。) 2.4, 4.5
禁止 Don’t…;mustn’t;No + doing Don’t touch it.(别碰。)No smoking.(禁止吸烟。) 2.4, 4.5
请求 please + 祈使;Can / Could / Would you…?;Would you mind doing…? Could you help me?(您能帮个忙吗?)Would you mind opening the window?(你介意开窗吗?) 4.5
许可(请求/给予) Can / May I…?;You can / may… May I come in?(我可以进来吗?) 4.5
建议 Let’s…;Shall we…?;Why not…?;How / What about doing?;should / ought to;had better;suggest (that) sb (should) do Why not take a break?(何不休息一下?)You’d better go now.(你最好现在走。)I suggest we leave.(我建议我们离开。) 2.4, 4.5, 4.6
意愿、承诺 will;be going to;would like to;intend to I’ll do it.(我来做。)I’d like to help.(我想帮忙。) 4.2, 4.5
转述命令/请求 tell / ask / order sb (not) to do He told me not to move.(他叫我别动。) 7.2
委婉程度 过去形式更委婉:Could > Can;Would > Will;I wondered if… I wondered if you could help.(不知您能否帮忙。) 4.2, 4.5

8.5 表达能力、可能、必然、义务(情态意义)

Section titled “8.5 表达能力、可能、必然、义务(情态意义)”
想说 手段 例句 章节
能力 can / could(过去)/ be able to(成功做到、将来) She can swim.(她会游泳。)He was able to escape.(他成功逃脱了。) 4.5
可能性(由小到大) might / could < may < should < will < must He might be ill.(他也许病了。)He must be ill.(他一定病了。) 4.5
对过去的推测 情态动词 + have done He must have missed the train.(他一定是没赶上车。) 4.5
必然 / 不可能 must / can’t That can’t be true.(那不可能是真的。) 4.5
义务(由强到弱) must / have to > should / ought to > be supposed to You should see a doctor.(你应该去看医生。) 4.5
不必 needn’t / don’t have to You don’t have to pay.(你不必付钱。) 4.5
本应…却没 / 本不该…却做了 should have done / shouldn’t have done You should have told me.(你本该告诉我。) 4.5
用形容词 / 副词表达可能性 possible / likely / probably / certainly / bound to It is likely to rain.(可能会下雨。)He is bound to win.(他必胜。) —
想说 手段 例句 章节
真实条件 if + 现在,will If it rains, we’ll stay.(下雨就不出去。) 7.1
与现在相反的假设 if + 过去(were),would If I were you, I’d go.(我要是你就去。) 7.1
与过去相反的假设 if + had done,would have done If I had known, I’d have come.(早知道我就来了。) 7.1
除非 / 只要 / 万一 unless / as long as / in case Unless you hurry, you’ll be late.(不快点你会迟到。) 6.5
不用 if 的条件 祈使 + and/or;without / but for;倒装 Had / Were / Should;otherwise Hurry up, or you’ll miss it.(快点,否则赶不上。)But for you, I’d have failed.(要不是你我就失败了。) 2.4, 7.1
愿望 wish + 过去 / 过去完成;if only;hope + 将来 I wish I were taller.(我要是高点就好了。)I hope you’ll come.(希望你来。) 4.6
遗憾 should have done;wish + had done;regret doing I wish I had studied harder.(要是当初更努力就好了。) 4.5, 4.6
宁愿 would rather do / would rather sb did / prefer to I’d rather stay.(我宁愿留下。)I’d rather you came tomorrow.(我宁愿你明天来。) 4.6
好像 as if / as though + 虚拟 He talks as if he knew everything.(他说话好像什么都知道。) 4.6, 6.5
是时候了 It’s (high) time + 过去式 It’s time we left.(我们该走了。) 4.6
想说 手段 例句 章节
一样 as … as;the same … as;like She is as tall as I am.(她和我一样高。)This is the same as that.(这和那一样。) 7.3
不一样 / 更 比较级 + than;not as … as;different from He is taller than me.(他比我高。) 7.3
最 the + 最高级 + in / of;否定 + 比较级 She is the best in our class.(她是我们班最棒的。)I’ve never seen a better film.(我没看过更好的电影。) 7.3
几倍 twice / three times + as … as / the size of / 比较级 than It is twice as big as mine.(它是我的两倍大。) 7.3
越…越 the + 比较级, the + 比较级 The more, the better.(越多越好。) 7.3
越来越 比较级 and 比较级 It’s getting colder and colder.(天越来越冷。) 7.3
与其说…不如说 more … than;not so much … as He is more lazy than stupid.(他与其说笨,不如说懒。) 7.3
程度(副词) very / quite / rather / pretty / fairly / extremely / too / enough / so…that It’s too hot to work.(热得没法工作。)It’s hot enough to swim.(热得可以游泳了。) 3.6
多 / 少(数量词) many / much / a lot of / plenty of;few / a few / little / a little;hundreds of There is little hope.(几乎没希望。)There is a little hope.(还有点希望。) 3.3, 3.10
全部 / 部分 / 没有 all / both / most / some / half / none / neither Most of them agree.(他们大多同意。) 3.3

8.8 表达原因、目的、结果、让步、方式(逻辑关系)

Section titled “8.8 表达原因、目的、结果、让步、方式(逻辑关系)”
想说 连接手段(从句 / 短语 / 句副词) 例句 章节
因为 because / since / as / now that(从句);because of / due to / owing to / thanks to(+ 名词);for(并列);分词作状语 He stayed because it rained.(因为下雨他留下了。)The flight was delayed due to fog.(航班因雾延误。)Being tired, he left.(因为累了他走了。) 6.5, 3.8, 5.3
为了 to do / in order to / so as to;so that / in order that + can/may;for + 名词/doing I came to help.(我来帮忙。)Speak up so that all can hear.(大声点让大家都听见。)a knife for cutting bread(切面包的刀) 5.2, 6.5
结果 so … that / such … that;so / therefore / as a result;too … to;enough to;分词作结果状语 It was so cold that we stayed in.(太冷了我们没出去。)He is too young to drive.(他太小不能开车。)The bus was late, causing us to miss the train.(车晚了,害我们误了火车。) 6.5, 3.6, 5.3
虽然 although / though / even though / while(从句);despite / in spite of(+ 名词);however / nevertheless(句副词);as 倒装;wh-ever / no matter wh- Although it rained, we went.(虽然下雨,我们还是去了。)Despite the rain, we went.(尽管下雨,我们去了。)Child as he is, he knows a lot.(虽然是孩子,他懂得很多。)However hard it is, I’ll try.(无论多难我都试。) 6.5, 3.8, 7.6
条件 见 8.6
方式 as / the way(从句);by doing;with + 名词;like(比喻);分词伴随 Do as I say.(照我说的做。)He learned by watching.(他靠观察学会的。) 6.5, 3.8, 5.3
对比 while / whereas;but / yet;on the other hand;unlike He is rich, while she is poor.(他富,她穷。) 6.2, 6.5
递进 and;not only … but also;besides / moreover / furthermore;what’s more Not only is he smart, but he’s also kind.(他不仅聪明,还善良。) 6.2, 7.6
选择 or / either … or / otherwise Either you go or I go.(要么你去,要么我去。) 6.2

8.9 描述和限定一个事物(修饰名词)

Section titled “8.9 描述和限定一个事物(修饰名词)”
想说 手段 例句 章节
什么样的(性质) 形容词前置;形容词排序 a lovely little old house(一座可爱的小老屋) 3.5
哪一个 / 谁的 限定词:the / this / my / which / whose this book, whose book(这本书,谁的书) 3.4
多少 数词(可数名词直接数);单位词 a … of(不可数名词) three books, a cup of tea, a pair of shoes(三本书,一杯茶,一双鞋) 3.10
在哪 / 什么时候的 介词短语后置 the man in black(黑衣人)the meeting on Monday(周一的会) 3.8
正在做 / 主动的 现在分词后置(= 进行/主动的定语从句) the boy standing there(站在那儿的男孩) 5.3
被…的 / 已…的 过去分词后置(= 被动的定语从句) the window broken by Tom(被汤姆打破的窗) 5.4
正在被…的 being done the bridge being repaired(正在修的桥) 5.3, 5.4
要…的 / 将要…的 不定式后置 the next train to leave(下一班要开的车)something to eat(吃的东西) 5.2
完整地说明(限定) 限制性定语从句 the book that I bought(我买的那本书) 6.4
补充说明(不限定) 非限制性定语从句;同位语 Tom, who is 30, is a doctor.(汤姆 30 岁,是医生。)Beijing, the capital(北京,首都) 6.4, 1.2
名词修饰名词 名词作定语;’s / of 所有格 a stone bridge(石桥)Tom’s car(汤姆的车)the roof of the house(房顶) 3.2

8.10 表达存在、拥有、身份、状态

Section titled “8.10 表达存在、拥有、身份、状态”
想说 手段 例句 章节
某处有 there be There is a bank nearby.(附近有家银行。) 2.6
拥有 have / have got / own / belong to / with I have a car.(我有辆车。)The car belongs to me.(这车是我的。)a man with a beard(留胡子的男人) 3.7, 3.8(with)
是什么 / 怎么样 系动词 + 表语 He is a doctor.(他是医生。)It tastes good.(很好吃。) 1.4
变化 become / get / turn / grow / go + 表语 Leaves turn yellow.(叶子变黄。)He got angry.(他生气了。) 1.4
保持 remain / stay / keep + 表语 Stay calm.(保持冷静。) 1.4
感受 feel / look / sound + 形容词;be + -ed 形容词 I feel tired.(我觉得累。)I am bored.(我很无聊。) 1.4, 3.5
让某物处于某状态 make / keep / leave / get + 宾语 + 补语 Keep the door open.(让门开着。)It made me happy.(这让我高兴。) 1.4
让别人做 / 被做 have / get sb do;have / get sth done I had him fix it.(我让他修好了。)I had it fixed.(我把它送去修好了。) 5.2, 5.4

8.11 转移焦点:强调、被动、倒装

Section titled “8.11 转移焦点:强调、被动、倒装”
想说 手段 例句 章节
强调“是谁/什么/何时/何地” It is/was … that/who It was Tom who called.(打电话的是汤姆。) 7.5
强调“所需要/所做的是…” What … is … What I need is a rest.(我需要的是休息。) 7.5
强调动作确实发生 do / does / did + 原形 I did lock the door.(我确实锁门了。) 7.5
突出承受者、隐去施动者 被动语态 The bridge was built in 1932.(这桥建于 1932 年。) 4.4
突出结果而非动作 get + done;be + -ed 形容词 He got hurt.(他受伤了。) 4.4
把新信息放句末 there be;it 形式主语;被动 It is said that he is rich.(据说他很有钱。) 2.6, 3.3, 4.4
把某成分推到句首以强调 倒装(否定词 / only / so / 表语前置) Only then did I understand.(直到那时我才明白。)Gone are the days.(那些日子一去不返。) 7.6
加强语气的词 very / really / at all / on earth / ever / indeed What on earth is that?(那到底是什么?) 7.5
想说 手段 例句 章节
转述陈述 say (that) / tell sb (that) + 时态后退 He said he was busy.(他说他很忙。) 7.2
转述问题 ask (sb) if/whether / wh- + 陈述语序 She asked if I was OK.(她问我是否还好。) 7.2
转述命令、请求 tell / ask / order sb (not) to do He asked me to wait.(他让我等。) 7.2
转述建议 suggest doing / suggest that … (should) do He suggested going by train.(他建议坐火车去。) 7.2, 4.6
据说 / 人们认为 It is said / believed / reported that…;sb is said to do He is said to be rich.(据说他很有钱。) 4.4, 6.3
表达观点 I think / believe / suppose (that);in my opinion;as far as I know I don’t think he’ll come.(我认为他不会来。) 6.3, 2.2
  1. 写作卡壳时:先想清楚要表达的功能(比较?让步?假设?),到对应表里挑一种手段,再跳到结构章节确认形式。
  2. 同义手段的选择:同一功能下,从句最完整、最正式;短语 / 非谓语更紧凑;句副词(however, therefore)用于连接两个独立的句子。学术写作偏好短语和被动,口语偏好从句和主动。
  3. 复习:把本章 12 节的表格的“想说”一栏遮住,看例句反推功能;或反过来,看功能默写出至少两种手段。